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::GlossaryGlossaryJump to letterQXYZA abducens nerve Cranial nerve VI, an efferent nerve that controls the lateral rectus muscle of the eye. Accommodation Dynamic changes in the lens of the eye that enable the viewer to focus.
When viewing distant objects, the lens is made relatively thin and flat; for near vision, the lens becomes thicker and rounder and has more refractive power. Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter at motor neuron synapses, in autonomic ganglia, and in a variety of central synapses. Binds to two types of acetylcholine receptors ( AChRs), either ligand-gated ion channels (nicotinic receptors) and G-protein-coupled receptors (muscarinic receptors). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Enzyme in the synaptic cleft that clears the cleft of acetylcholine released by the presynaptic cell.
AChE hydrolyzes ACh into acetate and choline; the choline is then transported back into nerve terminals, where it is used to resynthesize ACh. Action potential The electrical signal conducted along axons (or muscle fibers) by which information is conveyed from one place to another in the nervous system. Activation The time-dependent opening of ion channels in response to a stimulus, typically membrane depolarization. Active transporters Transmembrane proteins that actively move ions into or out of cells against their concentration gradients. Their source of energy may be ATP or the electrochemical gradients of various ions.
Adaptation The phenomenon of sensory receptor adjustment to different levels of stimulation; critical for allowing sensory systems to operate over a wide dynamic range. Addiction A persistent disorder of brain function in which the use of drugs or alcohol is compulsive for the afflicted individual despite serious negative physical and psychological consequences, and failure to take the substance results in a syndrome of negative physical and emotional symptoms loosely termed 'withdrawal.'
Adenylyl cyclase Membrane-bound enzyme that can be activated by G-proteins to catalyze the synthesis of cyclic AMP from ATP. Adhesion molecules See. Adrenaline See. Adrenal medulla The central part of the adrenal gland that, under visceral motor stimulation, secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream. Adrenergic Refers to synaptic transmission mediated by the release of norepinephrine or epinephrine. Affective–motivational aspects of pain The fear, anxiety, and autonomic nervous activation that accompany exposure to a noxious stimulus. Afferent A neuron or axon that conducts action potentials from the periphery toward the central nervous system.
Agnosia The inability to name objects; literally means 'not knowing.' Allodynia The induction of pain by a normally innocuous stimulus.
Alpha (α) motor neurons Neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord that innervate skeletal muscle. Amacrine cells Retinal neurons that mediate lateral interactions between bipolar cell terminals and the dendrites of ganglion cells. Amblyopia Diminished visual acuity as a result of the failure to establish appropriate visual cortical connections in early life. Amnesia The pathological inability to remember or establish memories; retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall existing memories, whereas anterograde amnesia is the inability to lay down new memories.
AMPA receptors See. Amphetamine A synthetically produced central nervous system stimulant with cocaine-like effects; drug abuse may lead to dependence. Ampullae The juglike swellings at the base of the semicircular canals that contain the hair cells and cupulae. Amygdala A nuclear complex in the temporal lobe that forms part of the limbic system; its major functions concern autonomic, emotional, and sexual behavior. Analgesia Decreased perception of pain. Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) A condition in which, due to a defect in the gene that codes for the androgen receptor, testosterone cannot act on its target tissues. Also called testicular feminization.
Anencephaly A congenital defect of neural tube closure, in which much of the brain fails to develop. Anopsia A large deficit in the visual field resulting from pathological changes in some component of the primary visual pathway. Anosmia Loss of the sense of smell; can be total or restricted to a single odorant. Anterior Toward the front; sometimes used as a synonym for rostral, and sometimes as a synonym for ventral. Anterior commissure A small midline fiber tract that lies at the anterior end of the corpus callosum; like the callosum, it serves to connect the two hemispheres.
Anterior hypothalamus Region of the hypothalamus containing nuclei that mediate sexual behaviors; not to be confused with region in rodent called the medial preoptic area, which lies anterior to hypothalamus and also contains nuclei that mediate sexual behavior (most notably the sexually dimorphic nucleus). Anterograde Signals or impulses that travel 'forward,' e.g., from the cell body to the axon terminal, from the presynaptic terminal to the postsynaptic cell, or from the CNS to the periphery. Anterolateral pathway Ascending sensory pathway in the spinal cord and brainstem that carries information about pain and temperature to the thalamus. Antiserum Serum harvested from an animal immunized to an agent of interest.
Aphasia The inability to comprehend and/or produce language as a result of damage to the language areas of the cerebral cortex (or their white matter interconnections). Apoptosis Cell death resulting from a programmed pattern of gene expression; also known as 'programmed cell death.'
There's a path. Use the broken ladder.Go go.Use that ladder to climb up.Watch your step.Now jump down here and move through the path.Avoid the toxic substances.You have to walk carefully down there. You can jump up. Half-life episode 2 team fortress.
Aprosodia The inability to infuse language with its normal emotional content. Arachnoid mater One of the three coverings of the brain that make up the meninges; lies between the dura mater and the pia mater. Areflexia Loss of reflexes. Association cortex Defined by exclusion as those neocortical regions that are not involved in primary sensory or motor processing.
Associational systems Neural cell circuits that are not part of the relatively defined sensory (input) and motor (output) systems; they mediate the most complex and least well defined brain functions. Associativity In the hippocampus, the enhancement of a weakly activated group of synapses when a nearby group is strongly activated. Astrocytes One of the three major classes of glial cells found in the central nervous system; important in regulating the ionic milieu of nerve cells and, in some cases, transmitter reuptake. Astrotactin A cell surface molecule that causes neurons to adhere to radial glial fibers during neuronal migration. Athetosis Slow, writhing movements seen primarily in patients with disorders of the basal ganglia. ATPase pumps Membrane pumps that use the hydrolysis of ATP to translocate ions against their electrochemical gradients. Atrophy The physical wasting away of a tissue, typically muscle, in response to disuse or other causes.
Attention The selection of a particular sensory stimulus or mental process for further analysis. Auditory meatus Opening of the external ear canal. Auditory space map Topographic representation of sound source location, as occurs in the inferior colliculus. Autonomic nervous system The components of the nervous system (peripheral and central) concerned with the regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. Also known as the visceral motor system; sometimes called the 'involuntary' nervous system. Consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Axial plane See.
Axon The neuronal process that carries the action potential from the nerve cell body to a target. Axon hillock Point at the cell body that is the site of an action potential's initiation. Axoplasmic transport The process by which materials are carried from nerve cell bodies to their terminals (anterograde transport), or from nerve cell terminals to the neuronal cell body (retrograde transport). B Babinski sign An abnormal response (extension as opposed to flexion of the toes) to the stroking of the sole of the foot; indicative of damage to descending motor neuron pathways.
Baroreceptors Sensory receptors in the visceral motor system that respond to changes in blood pressure. Basal ganglia A group of nuclei lying deep in the subcortical white matter of the frontal lobes that organize motor behavior. The caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus are the major components of the basal ganglia; the subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra are often included. Basal lamina A thin layer of extracellular matrix material (primarily collagen, laminin, and fibronectin) that surrounds muscle cells and Schwann cells. Also underlies all epithelial sheets. Also called the basement membrane.
Basilar membrane The membrane that forms the floor of the cochlear duct, on which the cochlear hair cells are located. Basket cells Inhibitory interneurons in the cerebellar cortex whose cell bodies are located within the Purkinje cell layer and whose axons make basketlike terminal arbors around Purkinje cell bodies.
BHLH proteins Neurogenic transcription factors (named for a shared basic helix-loop-helix amino acid motif that defines their DNA-binding domain) that have emerged as central to the differentiation of distinct neural and glial fates. Binocular Referring to both eyes. Binocular field The two symmetrical, overlapping visual hemifields. The left hemifield includes the nasal visual field of the right eye and the temporal visual field of the left eye; the right hemifield includes the temporal field of the right eye and the nasal field of the left eye. Biogenic amines Category of small-molecule neurotransmitters; includes the catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine), serotonin, and histamine. Bipolar cells Retinal neurons that provide a direct link between photoreceptor terminals and ganglion cell dendrites.
Blastomere A cell produced when the egg undergoes cleavage. Blastula An early embryo during the stage when the cells are typically arranged to form a hollow sphere. Blind spot The region of visual space that falls on the optic disk; due to the lack of photoreceptors in the optic disk, objects that lie completely within the blind spot are not perceived. Blood–brain barrier A diffusion barrier between the brain vasculature and the substance of the brain formed by tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) Peptide hormones that play important roles in neural induction and differentiation. Bouton (synaptic bouton) A swelling specialized for the release of neurotransmitter that occurs along or at the end of an axon. Bradykinesia Pathologically slow movement.
Brain-derived neutrophic factor (BDNF) One member of a family of neutrophic factors, the best known constituent of which is nerve growth factor (NGF). Brainstem The portion of the brain that lies between the diencephalon and the spinal cord; comprises the midbrain, pons, and medulla. Broca's aphasia Difficulty producing speech as a result of damage to Broca's area in the left frontal lobe. Also called motor, expressive, or production aphasia. Broca's area An area in the left frontal lobe specialized for the production of speech. C cadherins A family of calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecules found on the surfaces of growth cones and the cells over which they grow.
Calcarine sulcus The major sulcus on the medial aspect of the occipital lobe; the primary visual (striate) cortex lies largely within this sulcus. CAMP response element binding protein (CREB) A protein activated by cyclic AMP that binds to specific regions of DNA, thereby increasing the transcription rates of nearby genes. CAMP response elements (CREs) Specific DNA sequences that bind transcription factors activated by cAMP. Carotid bodies Specialized tissue masses found at the bifurcation of the carotid arteries in humans and other mammals that respond to the chemical composition of the blood (primarily the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide).
Catecholamine A term referring to molecules containing a catechol ring and an amino group; examples are the neurotransmitters epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Cauda equina The collection of segmental ventral and dorsal roots that extend from the caudal end of the spinal cord to their exit from the spinal canal. Caudal Posterior, or 'tailward.' Caudate (caudate nucleus) One of the three major components of the basal ganglia (the other two are the globus pallidus and putamen). Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) A family of molecules on cell surfaces that cause cells to stick to one another. Central nervous system (CNS) The brain and spinal cord of vertebrates (by analogy, the central nerve cord and ganglia of invertebrates).
Central pattern generators Oscillatory spinal cord or brainstem circuits responsible for programmed, rhythmic movements such as locomotion. Central sulcus A major sulcus on the lateral aspect of the cerebral hemispheres that forms the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes.
The anterior bank of the sulcus contains the primary motor cortex; the posterior bank contains the primary sensory cortex. Cephalic flexure Sharp bend in the neural tube which during early neurulation balloons out to form the prosencephalon, which in turn will give rise to the forebrain and later to the cerebral hemispheres.
Cerebellar ataxia A pathological inability to make coordinated movements, associated with lesions to the cerebellum. Cerebellar cortex The superficial gray matter of the cerebellum.
Cerebellar peduncles Three bilateral pairs of axon tracts that carry information to and from the cerebellum. The superior cerebellar peduncle, or brachium conjunctivum, is an efferent motor pathway; the middle cerebellar peduncle, or brachium pontis, is an afferent pathway arising from the pontine nuclei. The smallest but most complex is the inferior cerebellar peduncle, or restiform body, which encompasses multiple pathways.
Cerebellum Prominent hindbrain structure concerned with motor coordination, posture, and balance. Composed of a three-layered cortex and deep nuclei; attached to the brainstem by the cerebellar peduncles (see preceding entry). Cerebral achromatopsia Loss of color vision as a result of damage to extrastriate visual cortex.
Cerebral aqueduct The portion of the ventricular system that connects the third and fourth ventricles. Also called the aqueduct of Sylvius. Cerebral cortex The superficial gray matter of the cerebral hemispheres. Cerebral hemispheres Either of the two symmetrical halves of the cerebrum. Cerebral peduncles The numerous major axon tracts that connect the brainstem to the cerebral hemispheres. They include the important corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts. Cerebrocerebellum The part of the cerebellar cortex that receives input from the cerebral cortex via axons from the pontine relay nuclei.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) A normally clear and cell-free fluid that fills the ventricular system of the central nervous system; produced by the choroid plexus in the third ventricle. Cerebrum The largest and most rostral part of the brain in humans and other mammals, consisting of the two cerebral hemispheres. C-fos A transcription factor, originally isolated from cellular feline osteosarcoma cells, that binds as a heterodimer, thus activating gene transcription. Chemical synapses Synapses that transmit information via the secretion of chemical signals (neurotransmitters). Chemoaffinity (chemoaffinity hypothesis) The idea that nerve cells bear chemical labels that determine their connectivity.
Chemotaxis The movement of a cell up (or down) the gradient of a chemical signal. Chemotropism The growth of a part of a cell (axon, dendrite, filopodium) up (or down) a chemical gradient. Chimera An experimentally generated embryo (or organ) comprising cells derived from two or more species (or other genetically distinct sources). Cholinergic Referring to synaptic transmission mediated by acetylcholine. Chorea Jerky, involuntary movements of the face or extremities associated with damage to the basal ganglia.
Choreoathetosis The combination of jerky, ballistic, and writhing movements that characterizes the late stages of Huntington's disease. Choroid plexus Specialized epithelium in the ventricular system that produces cerebrospinal fluid. Chromosome Nuclear organelle that bears the genes. Ciliary body Two-part ring of tissue encircling the lens of the eye. The muscular component is important for adjusting the refractive power of the lens. The vascular component produces the fluid that fills the front of the eye.
Cingulate cortex Cortex of the cingulate gyrus that surrounds the corpus callosum; important in emotional and visceral motor behavior. Cingulate gyrus Prominent gyrus on the medial aspect of the hemisphere, lying just superior to the corpus callosum; forms a part of the limbic system. Cingulate sulcus Prominent sulcus on the medial aspect of the hemisphere. Circadian rhythms Variations in physiological functions that occur on a daily basis. Circle of Willis Arterial anastomosis on the ventral aspect of the midbrain; connects the posterior and anterior cerebral circulation. Cisterns Large, cerebrospinal-fluid-filled spaces that lie within the subarachnoid space.
Clarke's nucleus A group of relay neurons located in the medial aspect of the dorsal spinal column. Component of a cerebellar motor pathway important in processing proprioceptive input. Also called the dorsal nucleus of Clarke. Clathrin The most important protein for endocytotic budding of vesicles from the plasma membrane; its three-pronged 'triskelia' attach to the vesicular membrane to be retrieved. Climbing fibers Axons that originate in the inferior olive, ascend through the inferior cerebellar peduncle, and make terminal arborizations that invest the dendritic tree of Purkinje cells. Clone The progeny of a single cell. Cochlea The coiled structure in the inner ear where vibrations caused by sound are transduced into neural impulses.
During the game you will be able to use the following keys:NUMPAD1 -staminaNUMPAD2 -unlimited amount of AmmoNUMPAD3 -you do not need to reload weaponsNUMPAD4 -unlimited explosivesNUMPAD5 -gun in excellent conditionNUMPAD6 – infinite amount of FuryNUMPAD7 -unlimited batteryNUMPAD8 – + 50 thousand. Experience pointsNUMPAD9 -+ 10 thousand. MoneyNUMPAD0 -immortalityNUMPAD + -instant experience growth by 1 levelNUMPAD- -easy murderNUMPAD.skill points set to 999Please Note!Trainer works with version 1.4.1.1.13 of the game from Steam. This is due to the fact that they generally work with a specific version of the game and after updating it or choosing another language they may (although do not have to) stop working or even malfunction.Extra care should be taken with modifications, trainers, and other things that were not created by the game’s developers.
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Cognition A general term referring to higher order brain functions such as language, emotion, memory, and consciousness; the ability of the central nervous system to attend, identify, and act on complex stimuli. Cognitive neuroscience The field of neuroscience devoted to studying and understanding cognitive functions. Collapsin A molecule that causes collapse of growth cones; a member of the semaphorin family of signaling molecules. Colliculi The two paired hillocks that characterize the dorsal surface of the midbrain; the superior colliculi concern vision, the inferior colliculi audition. Commissures Axon tracts that cross the midline of the brain. Competitive interaction The struggle among nerve cells, or nerve cell processes, for limited resources essential to survival or growth. Computational mapping Central process of assessing and integrating multiple stimulus attributes into an orderly representation that facilitates the extraction and processing of essential information (e.g., the number and configuration of odorant molecules in order to determine the source and nature of a smell).
Concha A component of the external ear. Conduction aphasia Difficulty producing speech as a result of damage to the connection between Wernicke's and Broca's language areas. Conduction velocity The speed at which an action potential is propagated along an axon. Conductive hearing loss Diminished sense of hearing due to the reduced ability of sounds to be mechanically transmitted to the inner ear. Common causes include occlusion of the ear canal, perforation of the tympanic membrane, and arthritic degeneration of the middle ear ossicles.
Contrast with sensorineural hearing loss. Cone opsins The three distinct photopigments found in cones; the basis for color vision. Cones Photoreceptor cells specialized for high visual acuity and the perception of color. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) Genetic deficiency that leads to overproduction of androgens and a resultant masculinization of external genitalia in genotypic females. Conjugate eye movements The paired movements of the two eyes in the same direction, as occurs in the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Connexons Precisely aligned, paired transmembrane channels that form gap junctions between cells. They are formed from connexins, members of a specialized family of channel proteins.
Contralateral On the other side. Contralateral neglect syndrome Neurological condition in which the patient does not acknowledge or attend to the left visual hemifield or the left half of the body. The syndrome typically results from lesions of the right parietal cortex.
Contrast The difference, usually expressed in terms of a percentage in luminance, between two territories in the visual field (can also apply to color when specified as spectral contrast). Convergence Innervation of a target cell by axons from more than one neuron. In vision refers specifically to the convergence of both rod and cone photoreceptor cells onto retinal ganglion cells. Cornea The transparent surface of the eyeball in front of the lens; the major refractive element in the optical pathway. Coronal (frontal) plane Any sectional plane through the brain that runs parallel to the face, dividing into anterior (front) and posterior (rear) segments. Corpus callosum The large midline fiber bundle that connects the cortices of the two cerebral hemispheres.
Corpus striatum General term applied to the caudate and putamen; name derives from the striated appearance of these basal ganglia nuclei in sections of fresh material. Cortex The superficial mantle of gray matter (a sheet-like array of nerve cells) covering the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum, where most of the neurons in the brain are located. Corticobulbar tract Pathway carrying motor information from the primary and secondary motor cortices to the brainstem. Corticocortical connections Connections made between cortical areas in the same hemisphere, or between corresponding areas in the two hemispheres via the cerebral commissures.
Corticospinal tract Pathway carrying motor information from the primary and secondary motor cortices to the spinal cord in humans. Essential for the performance of discrete voluntary movements, especially of the hands and feet. Co-transmitters Two or more types of neurotransmitters within a single synapse; may be packaged into separate populations of synaptic vesicles or co-localized within the same synaptic vesicles. Co-transporters Active transporters that use the energy from ionic gradients to carry multiple ions across the membrane in the same direction.
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Cranial nerve ganglia The sensory ganglia associated with the cranial nerves; these correspond to the dorsal root ganglia of the segmental nerves of the spinal cord. Cranial nerve nuclei Nuclei in the brainstem that contain the neurons related to cranial nerves III–XII. Cranial nerves The 12 pairs of nerves arising from the brainstem that carry sensory information toward (and sometimes motor information away from) the central nervous system. Crista The hair cell–containing sensory epithelium of the semicircular canals. Critical period A restricted developmental period during which the nervous system is particularly sensitive to the effects of experience.
Cuneate nuclei Sensory relay nuclei that lie in the lower medulla; they contain the second-order sensory neurons that relay mechanosensory information from peripheral receptors in the upper body to the thalamus. Cupulae Gelatinous structures in the semicircular canals in which the hair cell bundles are embedded.
Cytoarchitectonic areas Distinct regions of the neocortical mantle identified by differences in cell size, packing density, and laminar arrangement (layering). Most prominent in humans is the 6-layered neocortex.
The evolutionary older archicortex (or hippocampal cortex) has 3–4 layers, and the ancient paleocortex has 3 layers. D decerebrate rigidity Excessive tone in extensor muscles as a result of damage to descending motor pathways at the level of the brainstem. Declarative memory Memories available to consciousness that can be expressed by language. Decussation A crossing of fiber tracts in the midline. Deep cerebellar nuclei The nuclei at the base of the cerebellum that relay information from the cerebellar cortex to the thalamus. Deep tendon reflex See. Delayed response task A behavioral paradigm used to test cognition and memory.
Delta waves Slow (.
DescriptionNeuroscience: Fundamentals of RehabilitationNeuroscience: Fundamentals of Rehabilitation Laurie Lundy-EkmanNeuroscience: Fundamentals of Rehabilitation Laurie Lundy-Ekman 4thNeuroscience: Fundamentals of Rehabilitation Laurie Lundy-Ekman 4th Test BankTest Bank for Neuroscience: Fundamentals of Rehabilitation, 4th Edition: Laurie Lundy-Ekman Download.THIS IS NOT THE ACTUAL BOOK. YOU ARE BUYING the Test Bank in e-version of the following book.Name: Neuroscience: Fundamentals of RehabilitationAuthor: Laurie Lundy-EkmanEdition: 4thISBN-10: ISBN-13: 433Type: Test Bank– The test bank is what most professors use an a reference when making exams for their students, which means there’s a very high chance that you will see a very similar, if not exact the exact, question in the test!– The file is either in pdf, doc, rtf or zipped in the package and can easily be read on PCs and Macs.– Delivery is INSTANT.
NOTE: Because topics covered in the module may change from one year to the next, some previous exam questions may not be relevant to the current year.1. Exam #1. Lab Practical Structures required for Exam 1 2019 - coming.
Exam 1 Info and Study Guide 2019 - coming. Tutorial. step through slides showing animated drawings of each level.
Practice Exams. similar to exam format.
useful for reviewing information.2. Exam #2.
Lab Practical Structures required for Exam 2 (2019) - coming. Exam 2 Info and Study Guide 2019 - coming. Practice Exams. similar to exam format. cover exams 2, 33. Exam #3.
Neuroscience 4e Purves Test Bank
Lab Practical Structures required for Exam 3 (2020) - coming. Exam 3 Info and Study Guide 2020 - coming. Practice Exams. similar to exam format. useful for reviewing information. a great way to practice localizing lesions at different CNS levels.
Dale Purves Neuroscience Pdf
Try the cases for medulla, pons, and midbrain. These cases will step you through the different symptoms that occur from lesions at each level.3.
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Exam #4 - Psychiatry.
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